Silvio Varviso

瑞士指挥家瓦维索（Silvio Varviso, 1924-2006），指挥风格具有旋律美，富于戏剧性。擅长指挥威尔第以前的意大利歌剧以及从莫扎特到理查·施特劳斯的作品。1924年6月20日，瓦维索出生于瑞士苏黎世，父亲是声乐家，小瓦维索在苏黎世音乐院学了一大堆乐器，包括钢琴小提琴、单簧管、小号、打击乐器，并在维也纳拜指挥家克劳斯为师。瓦维索的专项在歌剧，他的唱片精华也尽在于此。 例如，他在1963年与次女高音贝冈扎（ Teresa Berganza ）灌录的《阿尔及尔的意大利女郎》、1968年与Elena Suliotis合作的《诺玛》都获得极高的评价。1969 年开始，瓦维索在拜鲁特登台，一直到 1974 年，他一共指挥过13场《名歌手》、13场《罗恩格林》、14场《漂泊的荷兰人》，他与德勒斯登录过华格纳的管弦乐曲集，也灌录过《名歌手》的唱片，可惜绝版许久。   Silvio Varviso (26 February 1924 – 1 November 2006) was a Swiss conductor who spent most of his career devoted to conducting operas. He began his conducting career working in minor opera houses in Switzerland in the mid-1940s. He became the principal conductor of the opera house in Basel in 1956 where he served for six years. In the late 1950s he began appearing with major opera houses on the international stage as a guest conductor. During the 1960s he became a fixture at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City and at the Royal Opera House in London. In 1965 he became the music director of the Royal Swedish Opera, and later in his career served as the music director of the Staatsoper Stuttgart and the Paris Opera. During the early 1990s he became a permanent guest conductor at the Vlaamse Opera where he remained active up until his death.   Although Silvio Varviso's father was a voice teacher, Varviso avoid this art. While attending the Zurich Conservatory he studied the piano, violin, clarinet, trumpet and percussion instruments. He continued his study of conducting after graduating with the Austrian conductor Clemens Krauss in Vienna.   Varviso made his conducting debut at age 20 leading Mozart's The Magic Flute at the Stadttheater in St. Gallen, Switzerland. Over the next several years he worked as a guest conductor with minor houses throughout Switzerland. He became principal conductor of the Theater Basel (1956–1962) where he led several productions of operas by Mozart and works from the bel canto repertory. He also conducted the first German-language performance of Prokofiev's The Fiery Angel.   During the late 1950s Varviso made a number or natable guest conducting debuts, including the Deutsche Oper Berlin (1958), Paris Opera (1958), and the San Francisco Opera (1959), the latter being his first conducting assignment in the United States. In 1958 he conducted the world premiere of Heinrich Sutermeister's Titus Feuerfuchs at the Brussels World Fair. On 10 October 1961 he returned to San Francisco to conduct the United States premiere of Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream. He conducted The Marriage of Figaro for his first performance at the Glyndebourne Festival in 1962 followed by a production of Der Rosenkavalier for his debut with the Royal Opera, London at Covent Garden later that year. He returned often to the Royal Opera throughout the rest of his career, conducting a wide repertoire which ranged from standard works by Mozart, Puccini, Strauss, and Wagner, to less frequently performed operas like Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande.   On 26 November 1961 Varviso made his conducting debut at the Metropolitan Opera in a production of Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor. The evening also marked the occasion of Joan Sutherland's lauded debut at the house, portraying Lucia opposite Richard Tucker's Edgardo. Varviso became a regular conductor at the Met during the 1960s, conducting 142 performance at the house through 1969. The operas he conducted at the Met included Puccini's Madama Butterfly with Dorothy Kirsten as Cio-Cio-San, Johann Strauss II's Die Fledermaus with Theodor Uppman as Eisenstein and Jeanette Scovotti as Adele, Cilea's Adriana Lecouvreur with Renata Tebaldi in the title role and Franco Corelli as Maurizio, La sonnambula with Sutherland as Amina and Nicolai Gedda as Elvino, Tosca with Gabriella Tucci in the title role and Anselmo Colzani as Scarpia, The Magic Flute with Anna Moffo as Pamina and Gianna D'Angelo as the Queen of the Night, Ariadne auf Naxos with Gladys Kuchta in the title role and Roberta Peters as Zerbinetta, Aida with Birgit Nilsson in the title role, Don Pasquale with Fernando Corena in the title role, The Tales of Hoffmann with William Dooley playing the four villains, The Barber of Seville with Reri Grist in her house debut as Rosina opposite George Shirley's Count Almaviva, Don Giovanni with Cesare Siepi in the title role and Martina Arroyo as Donna Anna, and Faust with Pilar Lorengar as Marguerite.   In 1965, Varviso was appointed music director at the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm, a position held for six years. During that time he also frequently conducted at the Bavarian State Opera, the Hamburg State Opera, and the Vienna State Opera. Up until this point he had conducted no Wagner and in 1969 he embarked on an ambitious campaign to add several core Wagnerian works, beginning with The Flying Dutchman at the Bayreuth Festival. He returned to the Bayreuth Festival many times, conducting Wagner works during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1972, he became the artistic director of the Staatsoper Stuttgart where he served for eight years. In 1974, he took on the same role at the Paris Opera, as well. He worked with the Paris Opéra until 1985. In 1983 he returned to the Met for one last assignment after a 14-year absence at the house. He conducted his final and 147th performance at the house on April 2, 1983 with a production of Wagner's Die Walküre with Gwyneth Jones as Brünnhilde and Manfred Jung as Siegmund.   In 1991 Varviso became a permanent guest conductor at the Vlaamse Opera in Antwerp, Belgium, where he remained until the end of his career. While there he largely moved away from the German repertory that had been his focus since 1969 and back into the Italian repertory. He spent the last years of his career working especially on the seminal operas by Puccini. His last appearances on the podium was conducting Puccini's Tosca on 19 September 2006 in Antwerp.   Varviso lived quietly in Basel and on the Côte d'Azur. He died in Antwerp on 1 November 2006, at the age of 82.