Johann Joachim Quantz

约翰·约阿希姆·匡茨(Johann Joaehim Quantz，1697一1773)是18世纪德国著名的长笛演奏家、制作家，音乐理论家及作曲家。其父是一名铁匠，1708年起，12岁的匡茨开始随叔父朱斯特·匡茨(Justus Quantz，梅德堡镇上小有名气的音乐家)学习音乐，早年会演奏多种乐器，包括小提琴、双簧管、小号等。1717年左右，匡茨开始跟随维也纳的采林卡(J.D.Zelenka)学习对位，此人是大名鼎鼎的奥地利音乐理论家兼作曲家约翰。富克斯(JohannJoseph Fux，1660一1741)的学生。1724年后，匡茨又赴罗马随意大利作曲家、教师弗朗西斯科。加斯帕里尼(Franeeseo Gasparini，1661一1727)学习，1726年他去了法国，在那里得到了长笛大师米歇尔·巴拉伐特(MichelBlavet，1700一1768)的指导，成了一名职业长笛手，1727年返回德累斯顿，期间的三年巡旅岁月使他名声走红，终于在1728年他31岁时成为普鲁士王储膊特烈·威廉(Frederiek William)的私人长笛教授(1728-1733)，随后(1740)这位王储继承了王位，成为了普鲁士国王，人称腓特烈二世，匡茨于是也成为这位国王的御用音乐家。正是在他为腓特烈二世服务期间，匡茨创作了大量的涉及长笛的音乐作品，包括200多部长笛奏鸣曲，40多部三重奏鸣曲，40多部长笛独奏、重奏及三重奏，300多首长笛协奏曲，此外还有一些小型乐队合奏，长笛四重奏和少量歌曲。   Johann Joachim Quantz (German: [kvants]; 30 January 1697 – 12 July 1773) was a German flutist, flute maker and composer. He composed hundreds of flute sonatas and concertos, and wrote On Playing the Flute, a treatise on flute performance.   Quantz was born as Hanß Jochim Quantz in Oberscheden, near Göttingen, in the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg. He began his musical studies as a child with his uncle's son-in-law (his blacksmith father died when Quantz was young; on his deathbed, he begged his son to follow in his footsteps), later going to Dresden and Vienna. He studied composition extensively and pored over scores of the masters to adopt their style. During his tenure in Dresden, he abandoned the violin and the oboe in order to pursue the flute. He studied with Pierre-Gabriel Buffardin. It was during this time as musician to Frederick Augustus II of Poland that he began to concentrate on the flute, performing more and more on the instrument.   He gradually became known as the finest flutist in Europe, and toured France and England. He became a flute teacher, flute maker and composer to Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great) in 1740. He was an innovator in flute design, adding keys to the instrument to help with intonation, for example. He often criticized Vivaldi for being too wild when he played.   Although Quantz wrote many pieces of music, mainly for the flute (including around 300 flute concertos and over 200 sonatas), he is best known today as the author of Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversiere zu spielen (1752) (titled On Playing the Flute in English), a treatise on traverso flute playing. It is a valuable source of reference regarding performance practice and flute technique in the 18th century.   Quantz died in 1773 in Potsdam.